The Origin of Birds

The discovery that birds evolved from small carnivorous dinosaurs of the Late Jurassic was made possible by recently discovered fossils from China, South America, and other countries, as well as by looking at old museum specimens from new perspectives and with new methods. The hunt for the ancestors of living birds began with a specimen of Archaeopteryx, the first known bird, discovered in the early 1860s. Like birds, it had feathers along its arms and tail, but unlike living birds, it also had teeth and a long bony tail. Furthermore, many of the bones in Archaeopteryx‘s hands, shoulder girdles, pelvis, and feet were distinct, not fused and reduced as they are in living birds. Based on these characteristics, Archaeopteryx was recognized as an intermediate between birds and reptiles; but which reptiles?



In the 1970s, paleontologists noticed that Archaeopteryx shared unique features with small carnivorous dinosaurs called theropods. All the dinosaur groups on this evogram, except the ornithischian dinosaurs, are theropods. Based on their shared features, scientists reasoned that perhaps the theropods were the ancestors of birds. When paleontologists built evolutionary trees to study the question, they were even more convinced. The birds are simply a twig on the dinosaurs’ branch of the tree of life.

As birds evolved from these theropod dinosaurs, many of their features were modified. However, it’s important to remember that the animals were not “trying” to be birds in any sense. In fact, the more closely we look, the more obvious it is that the suite of features that characterize birds evolved through a complex series of steps and served different functions along the way.

Take feathers, for example. Small theropods related to Compsognathus (e.g., Sinosauropteryx) probably evolved the first feathers. These short, hair-like feathers grew on their heads, necks, and bodies and provided insulation. The feathers seem to have had different color patterns as well, although whether these were for display, camouflage, species recognition, or another function is difficult to tell.


This fossil of Sinosauropteryx preserves evidence of hair-like feathers. Photo by John Hutchinson.

In theropods even more closely related to birds, like the oviraptorosaurs, we find several new types of feathers. One is branched and downy, as pictured below. Others have evolved a central stalk, with unstructured branches coming off it and its base. Still others (like the dromaeosaurids and Archaeopteryx) have a vane-like structure in which the barbs are well-organized and locked together by barbules. This is identical to the feather structure of living birds.


At right, asymmetrical flight feathers are present in a fossil of a dromaeosaurid that may have had the ability to glide. Photo courtesy of Xing Xu, from: Xu, X., Z. Zhou, X. Wang, X. Kuang, F. Zhang, and X. Du. 2003. Four-winged dinosaurs from China. Nature 421:335-340.

Another line of evidence comes from changes in the digits of the dinosaurs leading to birds. The first theropod dinosaurs had hands with small fifth and fourth digits and a long second digit. As the evogram shows, in the theropod lineage that would eventually lead to birds, the fifth digit (e.g., as seen in Coelophysoids) and then the fourth (e.g., as seen in Allosaurids) were completely lost. The wrist bones underlying the first and second digits consolidated and took on a semicircular form that allowed the hand to rotate sideways against the forearm. This eventually allowed birds’ wing joints to move in a way that creates thrust for flight.

The functions of feathers as they evolved have long been debated. As we have seen, the first, simplest, hair-like feathers obviously served an insulatory function. But in later theropods, such as some oviraptorosaurs, the feathers on the arms and hands are long, even though the forelimbs themselves are short. What did these animals do with long feathers on short arms? One suggestion comes from some remarkable fossils of oviraptorosaurs preserved in the Cretaceous sediments of the Gobi Desert. The skeleton of the animal is hunched up on a nest of eggs, like a brooding chicken. The hands are spread out over the eggs as if to shelter them. So perhaps these feathers served the function of warming the eggs and shielding them from harm.

Birds after Archaeopteryx continued evolving in some of the same directions as their theropod ancestors. Many of their bones were reduced and fused, which may have helped increase the efficiency of flight. Similarly, the bone walls became even thinner, and the feathers became longer and their vanes asymmetrical, probably also improving flight. The bony tail was reduced to a stump, and a spray of feathers at the tail eventually took on the function of improving stability and maneuverability. The wishbone, which was present in non-bird dinosaurs, became stronger and more elaborate, and the bones of the shoulder girdle evolved to connect to the breastbone, anchoring the flight apparatus of the forelimb. The breastbone itself became larger, and evolved a central keel along the midline of the breast which served to anchor the flight muscles. The arms evolved to be longer than the legs, as the main form of locomotion switched from running to flight, and teeth were lost repeatedly in various lineages of early birds. The ancestor of all living birds lived sometime in the Late Cretaceous, and in the 65 million years since the extinction of the rest of the dinosaurs, this ancestral lineage diversified into the major groups of birds alive today.

https://evolution.berkeley.edu/what-are-evograms/the-origin-of-birds/

Emus Vs Ostriches – What is the Difference?



6:08 minutes watch

Next Generation Science

Down to Earth - The Mystery of Flightless Birds



52:27 minutes watch

They’ve given up the wonderful art of flying. Or was it an art they never possessed? The brain structure and anatomy of flightless birds indicate that they descended from "flyers" - so, why don’t they fly? Often weighing around 200 kg, over 2 meters tall and capable of reaching speeds of
70 km/h, these runners have secrets!

The largest bird in the world lives in Africa: the ostrich. Its slightly smaller colleague, the emu, conquered Australia. Hanging out with him down under is the dazzling cassowary. The rhea of South America comes in third in terms of size. New Zealand’s takahe, kiwi and kakapo are the smallest among the flightless. There are about 40 non-flyers around the world, including some swimmers, like the penguin.

That the birds in New Zealand forgot how to fly is perfectly understandable: for millions of years there were no enemies on the ground. There were no mammals – just birds. Colonizers brought predators into the country that made life for the non-flyers very difficult.

But why did the ostrich opt for a life on the ground? In its African habitat, there certainly were more than enough large predators. There are definitely things about ostriches that are still a mystery today.

Which came first, the chicken or the egg ....



It's because humans are invading the gulls natural habitat, primarily coastal waters and beaches - even rocky islands are not safe from human invasion. The gull might have been emboldened through desperation but they are not generally hostile to humans unless they feel threatened - even humans can't escape that simple instinctive behaviour, the fight or flight reaction.

I live on the coast and have seen the problem evolve over many years, in early days the gull had freedom of the beach and open waters to do their own thing, plus the adjoining port which provided fishes in abundance on the quayside. Then along came humans crowding the beach and the waters with bodies balls and boats of various descriptions, plus the port was modernized to hide away all that gut from the purity of the tourist eyes, thus the gull was forced to look elsewhere for food and entertainment.

Don't complain when the gull gets a bit ruffled about being exiled from it's own natural environment!